2013 Breakthrough Science and Technology: Ultra-Efficient Solar Energy

If you can double the efficiency of solar energy equipment, you can change the market trend of renewable energy. The solar panels designed by Harry Attwater can increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency to 50%.

Harry Atwater thinks his laboratory can develop a cheap and ultra-efficient solar power system that will be more than twice as efficient as the currently widely used solar panels. Materials science and applied physics experts believe that due to the recent great progress in the field of small-scale optical control, this solar panel is fully manufactured and popularized.

Solar panels currently on the market are mostly made of monocrystalline silicon panels, which generate electricity by absorbing narrow-band solar spectrum from this semiconductor material, but most of the energy is lost as heat, so the photoelectric conversion efficiency of such panels is not Over 20%. However, the light-to-heat conversion efficiency of the new solar panels developed by Attwater and colleagues can be increased to at least 50%. This kind of panel uses the light-efficient dispersion technology (similar to the prism principle) to disperse the sun white light into 6-8 different wavelengths of light, and use different solar panels to absorb the different wavelengths of light, to achieve the purpose of efficient use.

To accomplish this purpose of ultra-efficient photoelectric conversion, the Atwater team gave a total of three designs. The first one (pictured below) has been designed with a prototype, using reflective metal channels to collect light and direct the light into transparent, insulated metal structures with special angles. In the transparent structure of the outer cover of multi-layer solar power grid, each lattice can absorb a wavelength of sunlight. As long as light enters this structure, it must pass through a series of optical filters, each layer filtering one wavelength of light and being rapidly absorbed and utilized, and the rest of the light continues to be filtered until it is finally absorbed and utilized.

The second design uses nanometer optical filter material that filters light from many angles without the need to set a special angle. The third design uses laser holographic filters to disperse light into multiple colors. Although the three designs are different, the basic idea is the same: to change the narrowband spectrum absorbed by solar panels into more efficient broadband spectrum, to reduce energy waste and improve efficiency.

But Attwater said it's not yet known which panels actually work best, but what is certain is that their manufacturing process will not be more complicated than the current electronic device manufacturing process. If the prototype of the first design is assembled After correction, can be immediately put into commercial use.

However, Attwater believes that achieving ultra-efficient photovoltaic conversion is just the beginning of the renewable energy industry. The next step is to reduce the cost of solar power generation. Although solar panel prices have been falling all the time in recent years, and many families are also trying to use solar power, the most expensive part of the solar power supply system is not solar panels, but wires, land, government approval and labor. Therefore, the urgent need to solve is to reduce the cost of solar power facilities, "In a few years, those who have less than 20% photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar panel manufacturers there is no need to continue to open."

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