In recent years, the surge in energy demand and increased air pollution have forced people to seek new clean and renewable energy sources. Solar energy is considered as one of the most promising clean and renewable energy sources. Solar cells are devices that convert solar energy directly into electricity that can efficiently convert and utilize solar energy. In addition to the current main silicon-based solar cells, the search for high efficiency and low cost of new solar cells has become a research hot spot in recent years. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid MAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) perovskite materials have attracted much attention because of their excellent photoelectric properties. Thin-film solar cells based on these types of perovskite materials have frequently exceeded their efficiency in just a few years, rising rapidly from less than 4% in 2009 to 22.1%. In addition, perovskite materials have great application prospects in the fields of lasers, light-emitting diodes and photoelectric Sensors. However, so far, the light absorption layers of perovskite solar cells prepared by various process methods are all perovskite polycrystalline thin films, and the grain boundaries and surface defects that are inevitable in the polycrystalline thin films lead to the carrier mobility, Life expectancy and diffusion length and other important parameters decreased. Bulk single crystals of perovskite materials have proven to have the advantages of lower defect density, higher carrier mobility and longer charge carrier recombination lifetime than polycrystalline films. However, due to the high light absorption coefficient of the material itself, the perovskite phase monocrystalline thickness prepared by the conventional method is too large, which leads to the increase of carrier recombination probability and is not suitable for the direct preparation of devices such as solar cells. Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences molecular nanostructures and nanotechnology laboratory researcher Hu Jinsong research group under the guidance of the Chinese Academy of Sciences strategic pilot science and technology and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the early development of a large area suitable for the preparation of calcium titanium (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 13458). It is studied that the energy level of the mesoporous layer can be improved by doping rare earth elements so as to improve the cell performance (Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 16881); and the relationship between the microstructure of the perovskite absorber and its properties has been investigated using scanning probe microscopy (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 28518; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 26002). Recently, researchers have made new advances in the controllable preparation and properties of perovskite single crystal thin films. The researchers developed a solution-phase method that utilizes the spatial confinement effect to achieve the in-situ preparation of single-crystalline permalloy high-purity organic-inorganic hybrid MAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) on a substrate. The thickness of the single crystal film prepared by the method can be adjusted in the range of tens of nanometers to several micrometers without any selectivity to the substrate and can be grown in situ on a variety of substrates such as a flexible substrate and a material with a high surface roughness, Preparation of various devices. This is the first report of a 100 nanometer-thick single-crystal perovskite film suitable for the direct preparation of devices such as solar cells. Studies have shown that the prepared single crystal thin film has good crystallinity, good contact with the substrate, and has the same optical and electrical properties as the bulk phase perovskite single crystal, for the further preparation and research of perovskite monocrystalline thin film solar cells and other Monolithic devices open up new avenues. This work was published in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138, 16196.
Mainly used in automobiles
Load sensing valves are mostly used on heavy goods vehicles (HGV) and trains. They sense the loaded weight of a vehicle (by how far the suspension drops under weight), then they vary the brake pressure in the brake cylinders accordingly.
The reason they are used is so that when a vehicle is unladen the brakes apply a lighter force so as to stop the wheels from locking (on say a train), but when the vehicle is loaded the brakes will apply more pressure and operate quicker
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