In recent years, with the continuous development of the economy, commercial complex buildings have been erected in major cities. Such buildings have complicated functions, occupy a large area, have high fire loads, and have a large number of people. After a fire, the fire spreads quickly. It is difficult to evacuate people, and it is difficult to extinguish and rescue people. It is easy to cause major casualties and property losses. Combining the special rectification of the commercial complex building deployed by the Corps in the past three years, the author combines local practices to discuss some measures for the prevention and control of fires in commercial complex buildings.
I. Main features of commercial complex
(A) complete function. With the increase in people’s requirements for quality of life and meeting the one-stop demand for lifestyle and leisure shopping, under normal circumstances, commercial complex construction and assembly (municipal) venues, catering, singing and dancing entertainment venues, cinemas, and children’s activities are all integrated. Can meet people's needs other than work and study.
(b) The concentration of personnel. As the commercial complex can satisfy various life needs such as eating, shopping, and entertainment, as well as young and old, this type of place will become the most suitable and frequent place for people in daily life, especially after work and holidays. The density of personnel will be very large.
(c) The volume is huge. Commercial complexes are generally located in the busiest commercial areas of the city. As has been the case in Taizhou, the city has a total of 19 large commercial complexes, which are mainly distributed in downtown areas such as Jiaojiang, Huangyan, Luqiao, and Development Zones, with a small building area of ​​40,000. The largest such as China Daily Commodity Mall has 420,000.
II. Main problems in commercial complex construction
(1) The commercial market is surrounded by other business sites and there are many ways to catch fire. Today's large-scale commercial complexes often have shopping malls and stores on the bottom floors and basements, and cinemas, catering and other public gathering places on the top floors. The commercial market is surrounded by other business sites, and some organizations are pursuing the improvement of building utilization. In terms of economic efficiency, the compartments near the street are rented or used for shops connected to shopping malls, and the rented units are mainly based on catering. At the same time, the malls often communicate with each other through the use of elevator shafts, cable wells, pipe wells, atriums, and other forms of use. It also connects the upper and lower floors of the mall, together with the exhaust ducts, air-conditioning ducts, gas pipelines, and plumbing pipes. Up and down so that the penetration, so this type of shopping malls fire separation is particularly prominent, although in the fire separation using fire shutters and other fire prevention measures to separate, but in the actual use of the specific utility or to further study. In addition, some sites in these complexes use fire and frequent use of electricity, and fire hazards must still exist. There are many ways to catch fire. Once a fire occurs, three-dimensional combustion is likely to occur, causing an accident of group deaths and injuries.
(B) The structure is complex, there are many ways to spread, fire load is large, and it is difficult to evacuate and rescue people. Because each fire department in the mall can reach a maximum of 5000 square meters, the first floor can be expanded to 10,000 square meters under certain conditions, and the total construction area of ​​large shopping malls can reach tens of thousands of square meters. The overall construction area is even more than 100,000 square meters. It caused the complex structure of the mall itself. There is also a situation where individual shopping malls need to adjust their booths every year. There is always a concept in these units when they change, expand, and decorate. Small-scale renovations are not subject to approval by the fire agencies, so they start construction without authorization and even increase space utilization. Demolition of the original fire-fighting facilities; After some projects were completed, they were eager to open the business, and they were put into use without permission from the * fire-fighting organization, and "operated with hidden dangers." Moreover, 80% of the items handled by shopping malls are flammable and flammable. Some operators use cabinets as their substitutes, and some of them are made of combustible materials. The fire load exceeds that of ordinary places. At the same time, shopping malls are also the places with the highest density of personnel and the largest amount of liquidity in public places. Once a fire breaks out, it burns fiercely, spreads quickly, and it is difficult for people to evacuate.
(3) There is a lack of unified management, and other tenants in shopping malls and other tenants have mixed fire safety awareness and have hidden potential fire hazards. The ninth article of the 61st order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was implemented as early as 2002, stipulates: “For buildings with more than two property units and user units, the evacuation of property ownership and use units to fire truck access and public fire safety is involved. Facilities and other building fire protection facilities should have clear management responsibilities and can be entrusted with unified management. At the same time, Article 18 of the Fire Protection Law also makes relevant regulations concerning the clear responsibility and unified management of such buildings, but they can be clearly responsible. Few, unified management or commissioned management, they are in the facilities maintenance, fire safety self-inspection are each fighting, non-interference, lack of unified management of fire lanes, evacuation facilities and other building fire protection facilities, and It is the owner's own fire safety awareness, let alone talk about employee fire safety training. This directly caused the owner's fire safety awareness to be uneven, and planted a "time bomb" for the fire. In the past two years, the Development Zone has included firefighting facilities and property management confusion units as major fire hazard units. After a series of renovations, it has achieved initial results.
III. Work Suggestions and Countermeasures
(I) Improve the design standards for building fire protection. Large-scale shopping malls basically crowd people at the peak of personnel. For such sites, it is recommended to increase the fire design standards. For example, fire separation partitions should be used with as few separation measures as possible, and the safety evacuation distance should be shortened. Raise the standard for the total width of safety exits so that they can be controlled at the source.
(b) Strengthen daily fire supervision and inspection. * Fire-fighting agencies should increase the frequency of daily fire supervision and inspection of such sites, especially during the holidays, they must also do a good job of supervision and inspection in advance, and regularly carry out special management of shopping malls. Registration of fire hazards to be discovered should be done in a timely manner. Supervising and managing, if you haven’t changed for a long time or seriously threaten the safety of people’s lives and property, you must be punished strictly in accordance with laws and regulations to prevent the occurrence of fire accidents.
(c) Formulate and improve the fire prevention and rescue plan. Strengthen the building of fire brigades, strengthen equipment and equipment for special equipment, and carry out simulation and adaptability training for large-scale complex fire-fighting and rescue operations to form a backbone force for large-scale integrated fire fighting and rescue. To study and formulate preplans for dealing with various types of emergencies under fire conditions, improve the combat capabilities of fire fighters and rescuers under conditions of high temperature, heavy smoke, and poisonous conditions, and standardize the corresponding disposal procedures. We often ask the government to organize multisectoral joint practical exercises to effectively improve the ability to extinguish fire and rescue.
(d) Clearly manage responsibilities or delegate unified management. For complex multi-property buildings, it is recommended that unified property management be entrusted by the owners of the outlets, shopping malls and other places and competent authorities, and that common evacuation routes, safety exits, building fire-fighting facilities and fire-fighting lanes be managed in a unified manner, and fire safety training for personnel should be conducted. Implementation of unified training and unified assessment.
(5) Implement the basic management system for fire protection facilities and personnel training system. The main causes of damage to fire facilities are mostly caused by poor management. Therefore, the main unit must formulate a fire safety management system, increase education and training, and prepare self-prevention and self-prevention plans. Such as smoking is prohibited; increase the frequency of inspections and inspections; increase the frequency of special inspections and inspections of fire protection facilities; control combustible and flammable decoration materials; electric (gas) welding and other fire management; use fire, electricity, and gas management; Organize evacuation drills, etc.
Semi Coke
The production of semi-coke is mostly based on low-temperature dry distillation, and the dry distillation temperature is generally around 600 ℃. Due to the late start, the annual output of a single furnace of semi-coke low-temperature dry distillation equipment is mostly around 30,000 tons/year, and 50,000 tons/year The low-temperature dry distillation furnace equipment of the above scale is still in the exploration and test stage, and the technical process of large-scale equipment is still immature. Only one furnace and multiple doors and other combined technologies can be used to achieve centralized large-scale production.