Eyes of self-driving cars: Bosch partners with partners to develop new camera technology

Bosch pays attention to how to get better vision in harsh driving environment

Radar sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and video sensors are the sensory organs of modern cars. Functions such as automatic emergency braking, lane keeping, and landmark recognition jointly build a driver assistance system, in which the use of cameras has become increasingly important. The advantage of a video sensor is that it can detect objects and generate pictures with a higher information density. As one of the leading suppliers in this field, Bosch has been producing video sensors that integrate single and stereo camera technology for many years, providing a 360-degree view. In the future, the video sensor will become an important part of autopilot, which requires it to operate reliably even when the light suddenly changes from dark to bright, and vice versa. They must be able to instantly distinguish the dramatic changes in brightness in one shot. Only by accurately sensing the surrounding environment can a self-driving car be safely driven.

Autopilot affects almost the entire vehicle, such as powertrain, brakes, steering gear, display, navigation, sensors, and interconnections inside and outside the vehicle. The key to autopilot is the in-depth understanding of all vehicle systems, and on a global scale, few suppliers like Bosch almost include most of the components needed in autopilot, including the ability to correct driving in a timely manner. Erroneous body electronic stability system ESP, human-machine interaction (HMI) technology for flexible human-vehicle communication, iBooster without intelligent vacuum pump, and various types of sensors for environment recognition, etc., which all play a role in automatic driving. Important role.

Highly innovative camera technology

With the development and upgrading of products, Bosch has continued to innovate driver assistance systems and is continuously committed to implementing autonomous driving in phases. Currently, traffic congestion assistance with partially automated driving functions has been in volume production in 2015 and can help vehicles easily reach their destinations in the face of intensive traffic. Height auto-piloting on the highway will be realized by 2020. In 2018, automatic valet parking will be in volume production, and full automatic driving is expected to take place after 2025.

In China, Bosch has cooperated with numerous domestic OEMs on driver assistance, braking and steering systems. It is noteworthy that since 2017, Bosch has reached cooperation with Baidu, Gaode and NavInfo's leading Chinese map suppliers to jointly develop a precise positioning service for China's road conditions. Bosch Road Signature (Bosch Road Signature )". Afterwards, it officially signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Baidu and will carry out in-depth cooperation in the field of intelligent transportation.

Tapered Roller Bearings

Tapered roller bearings are mainly suitable to carry combined load---radial load and as well as axial load; While steep angle tapered roller bearings (27°-30°) can carry the combined load dominated by the axial load. The tapered roller bearings are separable bearings, their internal assemblies and outer rings can be mounted separately; the radial clearance and axial clearance can be adjusted when mounting and interference fits are also allowed.

Structures

1.30000 type single-row tapered roller bearings

This type of bearings can accommodate the axial displacement and axial load on one direction on the shaft or housing. An additional axial force will be generated under the action of radial load, so the outer ring and inner ring inside the two bearing slewing should be mounted with their end faces with same name opposite each other. When applied separately, the applied axial force must be larger than the additional axial force.

2.350000 and 370000 types of double-row tapered roller bearings

These types of bearings comprise one double-raceway outer ring (one double-raceway inner ring) and two inner rings (two outer rings). There is a spacer between the two inner rings (two outer rings), To change the thickness of the spacer can adjust the bearing clearance. They can carry radial and double-direction axial load simultaneously.

3. 380000 type four-row tapered roller bearings

This type of bearing adopts two double-raceway inner rings, one double-raceway outer rings and two single raceways. There are spacers between inner rings and outer rings used for adjusting bearing clearance. They can accommodate large radial load. But their limit rotational speed is low so they are mainly applied to heavy-duty machines such as rolling mills.

Cage materials

Tapered roller bearings generally adopt steel sheet cages, when with too large sizes, use welded steel sheet cages or steel pinned solid cages.

Permissible tilt angle

Generally, inclination is not allowed between the shaft and the housing on the tapered roller bearings. If any, it should not exceed 2'.

Tolerance and Clearance

Generally, the tolerance classes of tapered roller bearings is P0, also can produce higher tolerance classes bearings according to the requirement of users. The tolerance value is showing in the section [the tolerance of rolling bearing".

Users can adjust for practical clearance for the single-row tapered roller bearings according to different demands. The radial clearance of double-row and four-row tapered roller bearings is showing in the table 1.

Dynamic equivalent radial load

Single-row tapered roller bearings:

                P_r = F_r   When F_a/ F_r≤e

         P_r=0.4F_r+YF_a     When F_a/F_r>e

When applying single-row tapered roller bearings in pairs, the additional axial force must be counted when computing the equivalent dynamic load of the bearings. The axial load magnitude is influenced by mounting methods and the applied axial load and the detailed computing method is same as angular contact Ball Bearings.

The additional axial load on the single-row tapered bearings can be approximately computed with the equation below:

             S=F_r/2Y

Double-row tapered roller bearings:

F_a/F_r≤e    P_r=F_r+Y₁F_a

P_r=F_r+Y₁F_a    When F_a /F_r≤e

F_a/F_r>e     P_r=0.67F_r+Y₂F_a

P_r=0.67F_r+Y₂F_a   When F_a/F_r>e

Static equivalent radial load

Single-row tapered roller bearings:

P_0r=0.5F_r+Y₀F_a   

If P_0r<F_r, take P_0r=F_r

Double-row and four-row tapered roller bearings:

P_0r=F_r+Y₀F_a  

In the equation:

F_r Actual radial load of the bearing

F_a Actual axial load of the bearing

e.Y.Y₁.Y₂.Y₀  see the bearings dimension table.

In order to prevent damaging sliding generated between the rollers and raceway, a minimum radial load must be acted on the bearing. The calculating formula is:

  F_rmin=0.02C   

In the equation: F_rmin     Minimum radial load

                 C       Basic dynamic radial load rating 

Tapered Roller Bearing

Single Row Tapered Roller Bearing,Double Row Tapered Roller Bearing,Four Row Tapered Roller Bearing

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